Conventional rice–wheat (RW) rotation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of South Asia is
tillage, water, energy, and capital intensive. Coupled with these, crop residue burning contributes
significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and environmental pollution. So, to evaluate the
GHG mitigation potential of various climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs), an on-farm research
trial was conducted during 2014–2017 in Karnal, India. Six management scenarios (portfolios of practices),
namely, Sc1—business as usual (BAU)/conventional tillage (CT) without residue, Sc2—CT with
residue, Sc3—reduced tillage (RT)with residue + recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), Sc4—RT/zero
tillage (ZT) with residue + RDF, Sc5—ZT with residue + RDF + GreenSeeker + Tensiometer, and
Sc6—Sc5 + nutrient-expert tool, were included. The global warming potential (GWP) of the RW
system under CSAPs (Sc4, Sc5, and Sc6) and the improved BAU (Sc2 and Sc3) were 33–40% and
4–26% lower than BAU (7653 kg CO2 eq./ha/year), respectively. This reflects that CSAPs have the
potential to mitigate GWP by ~387 metric tons (Mt) CO2 eq./year from the 13.5 Mha RW system
of South Asia. Lower GWP under CSAPs resulted in 36–44% lower emission intensity (383 kg CO2
eq./Mg/year) compared to BAU (642 kg CO2 eq./Mg/year). Meanwhile, the N-factor productivity
and eco-efficiency of the RW system under CSAPs were 32–57% and 70–105% higher than BAU,
respectively, which reflects that CSAPs are more economically and environmentally sustainable than
BAU. The wheat yield obtained under various CSAPs was 0.62 Mg/ha and 0.84 Mg/ha higher than
BAU during normal and bad years (extreme weather events), respectively. Thus, it is evident that
CSAPs can cope better with climatic extremes than BAU. Therefore, a portfolio of CSAPs should be
promoted in RWbelts for more adaptation and climate change mitigation.
